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Volume 18 Issue 2 (2022)

General and Illness-Specific Predictors of Adaptation to Chronic Illnesses: Cognitive Appraisals and Illness-related Beliefs

pp. 85-105
First published on 17 May 2022 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0355-x
Daniel Pankowski, Kinga Wytrychiewicz-Pankowska, Konrad Janowski, Ewa Pisula, Andrzej Mariusz Fal
Corresponding author:

Daniel Pankowski, Faculty of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

E-mail: d.pankowski87@gmail.com

APA
Pankowski, D., Wytrychiewicz-Pankowska, K., Janowski, K., Pisula, E., & Fal, A. M. (2022). General and illness-specific predictors of adaptation to chronic illness: Cognitive appraisals and illness-related beliefs. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 85-105. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0355-x
Abstract

The literature indicates that cognitive appraisals and illness-related beliefs are key cognitive factors that affect the outcome of psychological adaptation to chronic illness. The main aim of the current study was to identify which cognitive appraisals and illness-related beliefs are the best predictors of adaptation to living with chronic illness as well as which of these predictors are universal, and which are illness-specific. Data was collected online from 505 panel study participants who reported diagnoses of rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and hypertension. Adaptation indicators (i.e., depressive symptoms and level of acceptance of living with the illness) differed significantly across samples with different medical diagnoses. Additionally, illness-related cognitive appraisals, but not illness-related beliefs, had a statistically significant specific contribution to explaining the variance in adaptation indicators. The predictors of adaptation to living with chronic illness differ between the diagnoses and the adaptation indicators. The results can contribute to a better matching of therapeutic interventions as well as social campaigns aimed at people suffering from chronic illnesses.

Keywords: cognitive appraisals illness-related beliefs, depressive symptoms, acceptance of living with the disease adaptation

Psychophysiological Responses to Still vs. Animated Pictures With Different Levels of Emotional Valence

pp. 106-112
First published on 17 May 2022 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0352-2
Jiawei Liu
Corresponding author:

Jiawei Liu, School of Journalism and Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.

E-mail: liujiawei@jnu.edu.cn

APA
Liu, J. (2022). Psychophysiological responses to still vs. animated pictures with different levels of emotional valence. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 106-112. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0352-2
Abstract

With the rapid development of multimedia and Internet technologies, understanding what visual contexts are well-received among viewers is important for message designers and visual practitioners. This study investigated the effects of valence (positive vs. negative), picture type (animated vs. still), and their interaction effect on attention, motivational intensity (sympathetic arousal), memory sensitivity and judgment. Eighty-seven participants in a mixed factorial design experiment were exposed to six pictures that were either animated or still. Results indicated that animated pictures led to greater attention and motivational intensity than still ones. Negative pictures also elicited greater motivational intensity but were less remembered than positive ones. Additionally, people exhibited greater sympathetic arousal when processing negative animated pictures than other types of pictures. Implications are also discussed.

Keywords: animation attention motivational intensity ad recognition psychology of technology

Longitudinal Effects of Phonological Short-Term Memory and Working Memory Capacity on L2 Grammar Knowledge

pp. 113-121
First published on 25 May 2022 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0353-1
Adriana Biedroń, Mauricio Véliz-Campos, Katarzyna Zychowicz
Corresponding author:

Mauricio Véliz-Campos, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad de Talca; 380, María Auxiliadora St., Linares, Chile.

E-mail: mauricio.veliz@utalca.cl

APA
Biedroń, A., Véliz-Campos, M., & Zychowicz, K. (2022). Longitudinal effects of phonological short-term memory and working memory capacity on L2 grammar knowledge. Advances in Cognitive Psychology 18(2), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0353-1
Abstract

Working memory (WM) has been found to play a major role in learning L2 grammar (Li et al., 2019). However, there is little research into the longitudinal effects of phonological short-term memory and WM capacity on L2 grammar knowledge development (Sagarra, 2017). The current longitudinal study investigated the relationship between phonological short-term memory, WM capacity, and the development of L2 grammar knowledge over the period of two years. This report is part of an ongoing larger-scale study including the components of reading, writing, and speaking. Participants were 107 Year 1, 2, and 3 Polish university students majoring in English as an L2. The measurements included two phonological short-term memory capacity tests, two WM capacity tests, and four tests of grammar knowledge. The results indicated that grammar tests correlated with nonword, listening, and reading spans. However, latent growth models showed that only WM capacity positively predicted changes in L2 grammar knowledge over time.

Keywords: phonological short-term memory working memory working memory capacity L2 grammar knowledge longitudinal

Cognitive Reflection and Moral Reasoning

pp. 122-131
First published on 18 June 2022 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0356-y
Ana Proroković, Ljiljana Gregov
Corresponding author:

Ana Proroković, University of Zadar, Department of Psychology, Krešimirova obala 2, Zadar 23000, Croatia.

E-mail: aprorok@unizd.hr

APA
Proroković, A., & Gregov, L. (2022). Cognitive reflection and moral reasoning. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 122-131. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0356-y
Abstract

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between reflectivity/impulsivity and aspects of moral reasoning (general level and individual stages) while considering assessment times and relevance of moral arguments. The study involved 442 participants (163 female and 279 male) aged between 19 and 76, with different levels of education. The study was conducted online and two measuring instruments were applied: the cognitive reflection test and the test of moral reasoning The obtained results showed that problem solving time was significantly shorter for intuitive answers as opposed to correct answers. Predominantly reflective and predominantly impulsive individuals differed in various aspects concerning problem solving and the assessment of moral arguments. Predominantly impulsive individuals demonstrated: significantly longer problem solving time for correct answers (there were no differences for intuitive answers), lower general level of moral reasoning, longer assessment time, and higher assessment of the relevance of moral arguments (sensitivity to argument strength) in almost all stages of moral development. The results suggest that there are different ways in which dominant cognitive styles determine the effects in tasks of different types.

Keywords: cognitive reflection test moral reasoning reflectivity/impulsivity dual process model

The Effect of Waiting Environment and Perceived Atmosphere on Temporal Experience

pp. 132-143
First published on 18 June 2022 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0351-3
Vanessa Aeschbach, Sonja Ehret, Joana Post, Miriam Ruess, Roland Thomaschke
Corresponding author:

Vanessa Aeschbach, Cognition, Action, and Sustainability Unit, Department of Psychology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstr. 41, Germany – 79085 Freiburg.

E-mail: vanessa.aeschbach@sfb1015.uni-freiburg.de

APA
Aeschbach, V., Ehret, S., Post, J., Ruess, M., & Tomaschke, R. (2022). The effect of waiting environment and perceived atmosphere on temporal experience. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0351-3
Abstract

Previously, it was shown that the environment of a waiting room can influence the perception of waiting time. The goal of the current study was to examine how waiting environment influ-ences temporal experience, and to explore which dimensions of room atmosphere predict the perception of waiting time. Twenty-four participants spent 90 minutes in an ordinary doctor’s waiting room, and on a different day, another 90 minutes in a sacral room of a distinctly con-templative character. As dependent variables, we assessed various aspects of temporal experi-ence, including passageof- time judgments, time awareness judgments, and duration judg-ments for the waiting time. As independent variables, we assessed the perceived atmosphere of the waiting environment along different dimensional scales, including detachment, cozi-ness, liveliness, tenseness, and valence. The results suggest that perceived valence, detach-ment, and tenseness of a room predict passageof- time judgments and time awareness judg-ments. However, more research is needed to confirm these results. Furthermore, the results were likely biased towards an increased time awareness due to the within-subjects design of the study. Nevertheless, a possible explanation could be that especially unpleasant and de-tached rooms draw one’s attention towards time, whereas more pleasant and less detached rooms allow attention to be deployed on the nontemporal aspects of the situation.

Keywords: contemplative environment room atmosphere temporal experience timing waiting

Visual-Spatial and Temporal Integration in Patients with Hypothyroidism

pp. 144-155
First published on 25 May 2022 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0354-0
Nadejda Bocheva, Biliana Genova, Miroslava Stefanova, Simeon Stefanov, Emil Natchev, Kalina Racheva
Corresponding author:

Nadejda Bocheva, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Neurobiology, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. 23, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.

E-mail: nadya@percept.bas.bg

APA
Bocheva, N., Genova, B., Stefanova, M., Stefanov, S., Natchev, E., & Racheva, K. (2022). Visual-spatial and temporal integration in patients with hypothyroidism. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0354-0
Abstract

Thyroid hormones play an essential role in brain functioning not only during development, but also in adult life. A link between visuospatial abilities and thyroid hormones has already been established. However, it is unclear whether this link is related to the changes in visual information processing, whether the ventral or the dorsal streams are more affected, or the interaction of the two pathways is impaired. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of hypothyroidism on the visuospatial abilities related to the ventral and dorsal visual pathways using behavioral tasks. Twenty-six newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients and 26 euthyroid controls took part in the study. They had to determine whether the virtual center of radial Glass patterns (GPs) was shifted to the left or right of the screen center, or to discriminate between radial and concentric GPs with varying coherence. Three different conditions were applied: static and two dynamic flicker conditions with a limited lifetime of the dot pairs. The results show that the coherence thresholds were higher in the static condition and the center location task for both groups. The hypothyroid group had higher thresholds in discriminating the radial from the concentric patterns in the dynamic flicker conditions. The proportion of correct responses was lower in the hypothyroid group for patterns with the centers shifted to the right and for concentric compared to the radial patterns. The control group showed decreased performance in localizing the pattern centers shifted to the left. The findings imply that hypothyroidism leads to subtle changes in integrating spatiotemporal information that might be related to deficient processing in the ventral system and the reallocation of spatial attention under cognitive load.

Keywords: hypothyroidism visual streams ventral dorsal Glass patterns spatial and temporal processing

Perception Of Communication In Marriage: The Role Emotional Intelligence And Gender Schema

pp. 156-164
First published on 29 June 2022 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0357-z
Joanna Piekarska
Corresponding author:

Joanna Piekarska, Institute of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59. 01-043 Warsaw, Poland.

E-mail: j.piekarska@vizja.pl

APA
Piekarska, J. (2022). Perception of communication in marriage: The role of emotional intelligence and gender schema. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/acp-0357-z
Abstract

The aim of the current study was to examine the correlates and determinants of perception of marital communication. The role of emotional intelligence and gender schema were examined. The data were collected from 71 married couples, aged 23-71 years (Mage = 41.60, SD = 12.76). Perception of communication in marriage was assessed with the Marital Communication Questionnaire by Kaźmierczak and Plopa (2008). Gender schema was measured with the Sex-Role Inventory by Kuczyńska (2012). Ability emotional intelligence was assessed with two performance tests, the Emotional Intelligence Scale – Faces and the Emotion Understanding Test. Trait emotional intelligence was measured with the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale. The results indicated that perception of communication in marriage is, above all, associated with trait emotional intelligence and gender schema. There were also gender differences in the perception of the spouse’s communication in marriage associated with their psychological characteristics. The husbands’ psychological characteristics affected the wives’ perception of the husbands’ communication, whereas the husbands’ perception of the wives’ communication was not associated with the wives’ psychological characteristics.

Keywords: marital communication, emotional intelligence, emotional abilities, gender role, gender schema

Tasks financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education on the basis of the contract no. 801/P-DUN/2018 out of the funds designed for activities promoting science: Preparation and editing of English versions of articles, Financing foreign Editors-in-Chief, Dissemination of publications and increasing their accessibility to a broad range of readers, Creation of the XML conversion platform to improve the access to the articles (2018-2019). Advances in Cognitive Psychology is co-financed by the Ministry of Education and Science (Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki) under the program "Rozwój czasopism naukowych," RCN/SN/0494/2021/1.

Zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 801/P-DUN/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę: Finansowanie zagranicznych redaktorów naczelnych; Przygotowanie i edycja anglojęzycznych publikacji; Upowszechnianie publikacji i ułatwianie dostępu do nich szerokiemu gronu odbiorców; Utworzenie nowej platformy do udostępniania artykułów. Advances in Cognitive Psychology jest współfinansowane przez Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki w ramach programu "Rozwój czasopism naukowych," RCN/SN/0494/2021/1.