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Volume 19 Issue 1 (2023)

Editorial Letter: Completing the Vision and Finding New Challenges

pp. 0-0
First published on 27 March 2023 | DOI:
Charles-Étienne Benoit, Piotr Kałowski, Konrad Janowski
APA
Benoit, C.-E., Kałowski, P., & Janowski, K. (2023). Editorial letter: Completing the vision and finding new challenges. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), I-II.
Abstract

2022 has been prolific, leading us into 2023 which will be a turning point for ACP and our Editorial Team. However, we first wish to express once more and with the utmost sincerity our gratitude to our Editorial Board, Authors, and Reviewers. It is moving to see the generosity, insight and commitment of scientists worldwide to the idea of quality and open science.

The Two-Factor Structure of Cognitive Flexibility: Tempo of Switching and Overcoming of Prepotent Responses

pp. 1-12
First published on 25 January 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0371-9
Aleksandra Różańska, Weronika Król, Jarosław Orzechowski, Aleksandra Gruszka
Corresponding author:

Aleksandra Różańska, Jagiellonian University, Institute of Psychology, Romana Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.

Email: aleksandra.rozanska@doctoral.uj.edu.pl

APA
Różańska, A., Król, W., Orzechowski, J., & Gruszka, A. (2023). The two-factor structure of cognitive flexibility: Tempo of switching and overcoming of prepotent responses. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0371-9
Abstract

The current study aimed to uncover the structure of common latent processes underlying the execution of several tasks that hypothetically measure spontaneous and adaptive cognitive flexibility, providing evidence for their convergent validity. A group of healthy volunteers (N = 121) completed two sets of tasks to assess spontaneous and adaptive cognitive flexibility. Spontaneous flexibility measures included a divergent thinking test (to assess fluency and flexibility of thinking) and a verbal fluency test. Adaptive flexibility measures involved a set-switching test as a measure of switch costs and an attentional set-shifting test as a measure of learned irrelevance and perseveration). A vocabulary knowledge test provided a proxy measure of crystallized intelligence. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's method revealed the existence of two separate subgroups of variables. The first group comprised fluency and flexibility of thinking, crystallized intelligence, verbal fluency, and switch costs. The second group included attentional shift variables, that is, learned irrelevance and perseveration. We consider these results meaningful and indicative of two separate factors contributing to cognitive flexibility: (a) speed of switching and (b) overcoming of prepotent responses. We discuss the implications of our results for the assessment of cognitive flexibility.

Keywords: spontaneous cognitive, flexibility, adaptive cognitive flexibility, divergent thinking; taskswitching, attentional set-shifting

Romantic Relationships and the Actions (or Inactions) That End Them: Blaming Self or Other Influences Feelings of Regret

pp. 13-20
First published on 4 February 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0372-8
Todd McElroy, Joanna Salapska-Gelleri
Corresponding author:

Todd McElroy, Department of Psychology, Florida Gulf Coast University.

Email: tmcelroy@fgcu.edu

APA
McElroy, T., & Salapska-Gelleri, J. (2023). Romantic relationships and the actions (or inactions) that end them: Blaming self or other influences feelings of regret. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0372-8
Abstract

Romantic relationships can greatly enhance our lives, creating intimacy and bonding. Yet, not all relationships succeed, and when they fail, the resulting feelings can be intense, often leaving us feeling regret. The regret we feel is determined in part by whether we decide to take action or rely on inaction. Research shows that actions typically elicit more regret than inactions. However, research also shows gender differences for romantic regret, with men sometimes reporting more regret over inactions and women more regret over actions or equal regret for actions and inactions. The decision justification theory posits that regret is driven by two components: the event’s outcome and self-blame. In the current investigation, we manipulated self and other blame in a hypothetical romantic situation and showed that when blame is attributable to one’s self, actions (e.g., breaking up) elicited more regret than inactions (e.g., staying in a relationship). However, when blame for relationship failure is attributed to one’s partner, participants reported equal regret for actions or inactions. More specific analyses showed that men and women both have more regret for actions when self-blame is involved but when other-blame is involved, women showed equal regret for actions and inactions whereas men trended toward more regret for inactions.

Keywords: regret, decision-making, thinking, gender

The Influence of Fit Between Regulatory Focus and Decision-Making Strategies on Moral Judgment

pp. 21-28
First published on 7 February 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0373-7
Li-Wen-Yuan Zhou, Sheng-Hong Dong, Qian Xing, Jia Li
Corresponding author:

Sheng-Hong Dong, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Yaohu Campus of Jiangxi Normal University, No. 99, Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China, 330000.

Email: shdong@jxnu.edu.cn

APA
Zhou, L.-W.-Y., Dong, S.-H., Xing, Q., & Li, J. (2023). The influence of fit between regulatory focus and decision-making strategies on moral judgment. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0373-7
Abstract

Using a 2 (regulatory focus: promotion/prevention-focused) × 2 (decision-making strategies: intuitive/ rational strategies) experimental design, the current study explored the influence of regulatory focus and decision-making strategies on moral judgment. The results are as follows: (a) The main influencing effect of regulatory focus was statistically significant. Specifically, participants that were promotion-focused tended to make utilitarian moral judgments while participants that were prevention-focused tended to make deontological moral judgments. (b) The interaction effect of regulatory focus and decision-making strategies was also statistically significant. Specifically, moral judgement scores from participants that were promotion-focused were higher when they adopted intuitive rather than rational strategies while the scores of participants that were prevention-focused were higher when they adopted rational rather than intuitive strategies. These results suggest that the fit between regulatory focus and decision-making strategies can influence moral judgment.

Keywords: regulatory focus, decision-making strategies, regulatory fit, moral judgment

Sensory Overlap for Specific Memories Only Matters for Poor Memory Traces

pp. 29-43
First published on 17 February 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0374-6
Jordan Mille, Laetitia Silvert, Rémy Versace, Marie Izaute, Guillaume T. Vallet
Corresponding author:

Jordan Mille, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO (UMR6024), 34 avenue Carnot -TSA 60401-63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1.

Email: jordan.mille@uca.fr

APA
Mille. J., Silvert, L., Versace, R., Izaute, M., & Vallet, G. T. (2023). Sensory overlap for specific memories only matters for poor memory traces. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0374-6
Abstract

Similar events may reduce the likelihood of the cognitive system to accurately remember a specific memory. Similarity leads to overlap between mnemonic traces, which, in turn, interferes with the discrimination of the traces. Therefore, it is important to determine how and when overlapping is detrimental to the discrimination between the traces. According to the Act-In memory model, the specificity of a memory trace is determined by the sensory overlap as well as by the number of participating sensory modalities on which overlap occurs (unimodal vs. multimodal). Increasing overlap should only be critical when the memory traces are the most difficult to discriminate from each other, which is more likely for unimodal than multimodal traces. As such, multimodal events might be more efficient than unimodal events to allow memory specificity. In two experiments, participants had to reproduce visuospatial sequences in a 2 × 2 matrix. The level of sensory overlap (high vs. low) and the number of components on which overlap occurs in the memory traces (unimodal vs. multimodal-discrimination) were manipulated. The results showed that memory span was lower when the visual overlap was at its highest, but more significantly, when trace discrimination was unimodal (Experiments 1 and 2). Moreover, for visually richer stimuli, visual overlap was shown to be detrimental to specific memory only in a condition of visual degradation. Taken together, the results suggest that the sensory overlap is essentially critical to specific memory when it is at its highest, which is the most likely for low richness unimodal stimuli.

Keywords: specific memory, accuracy, memory discrimination, sensory degradation, trace overlapping

How Does “Give Me Death” Provoke People to Risk Death? An “Equate-to-Differentiate” Account

pp. 44-58
First published on 7 March 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0375-5
Yuan-Na Huang, Zi-Han Wei, Shu-Wen Yang, Si-Chu Shen, Huan Liu, Shu Li
Corresponding author:

Shu Li, CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Email: lishu@psych.ac.cn

APA
Huang, Y.-N., Wei, Z.-H., Yang, S.-W., Shen, S.-C., Liu, H., & Li, S. (2023). How does "give me death" provoke people to risk death? An "equate-to-differentiate" account. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0375-5
Abstract

Historically, an unusual persuasion highlighting the worst possible outcome of an uncertain option has successfully persuaded people to risk death. To explore the effectiveness of this persuasion, guided by an “equate-to-differentiate” account, we conducted three studies and found that (a) participants who agreed more with the persuasion highlighting the worst possible outcome of the uncertain option reported a smaller relative difference between options on the worst-possible- outcome dimension and thus were more uncertainty-seeking, (b) participants exposed to the persuasion highlighting the worst possible outcome estimated a smaller relative difference on the worst-possible-outcome dimension and thus were more uncertainty-seeking than those who did not experience the persuasion, and (c) exposing to the persuasion highlighting the worst possible outcome did not increase participants’ perceived winning probability for the uncertain option, and if participants agreed with the persuasion, they reported a smaller relative difference on the worstpossible- outcome dimension, which predicted their uncertainty preference.

Keywords: provoke uncertainty seeking, encourage uncertainty aversion, equate-to-differentiate account, intra-dimensional evaluation

Detrimental and Beneficial Effects in Ongoing and Lasting Collaborative Memory: Insight From the Emotional Timeout Procedure

pp. 59-79
First published on 7 March 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0376-4
Aiqing Nie, Can Deng
Corresponding author:

Aiqing Nie, Department of Psychology , College of Educational Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, 339 Taiyu Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China 030031

Email: nieaiq@126.com

APA
Nie, A., & Deng, C. (2023). Detrimental and beneficial effects in ongoing and lasting collaborative memory: Insight from the emotional timeout procedure. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0376-4
Abstract

Existing collaborative memory research has shown statistically significant detrimental and beneficial effects (i.e., collaborative inhibition, error pruning, and post-collaborative memory benefit). However, it remains unknown yet whether they are modulated by stimulus emotionality of adjacent stimuli and whether they would differ in distinct memory tasks (item memory vs. source memory). To address these issues, the current study adopted the emotional timeout procedure, where participants individually studied a series of triplets (a preceding neutral word, a modulator word of taboo, nontaboo negative, neutral, or positive emotionality, and a following neutral word) displayed in red or green, and three recall sessions and a surprise recognition test was conducted afterwards. Results revealed reliable beneficial effects of collaboration. (a) The error pruning was reliably observed within ongoing and lasting collaboration in item memory tasks while it faded away post-collaboration in source memory conditions. (b) The post-collaborative memory benefit was confirmed in all word positions. It occurred in taboo, neutral, and positive words for modulators of different emotionality, while that of the preceding and following neutral words were insensitive to the emotionality of the modulator. The effect was only present in item memory, offering compelling evidence for dual-process models. (c) Collaboration facilitated the picked-up effect and the formation of shared memory. However, the detrimental effect of collaborative inhibition was absent in both memory tasks. These findings demonstrated that the mechanisms of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis (RSDH) took effect under the emotional timeout procedure to a certain degree.

Keywords: episodic memory, stimulus emotionality, collaborative inhibition, error pruning, post-collaborative memory benefit, emotional timeout procedure

Occupational Burnout and Mental Health. A Study of Psychiatric Nurses from Six European Countries

pp. 80-91
First published on 9 March 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0380-0
Aleksandra Łopatkiewicz, Aleksandra Kwaśnicka, Piotr Nowicki, Konrad Furmańczyk, Wojciech Zieliński, Magdalena Woynarowska, Edyta Krzych-Fałta
Corresponding author:

Aleksandra Łopatkiewicz, Unit of Environmental Hazard Prevention and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw.

Email: golabek.aleksandra@gmail.com

APA
Łopatkiewicz, A., Kwaśnicka, A., Nowicki, P., Furmańczyk, K., Zieliński, W., Woynarowska, M., & Krzych-Fałta, E. (2023). Occupational burnout and mental health. A study of psychiatric nurses from six European countries. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0380-0
Abstract

The nursing profession has been associated with an increased risk of occupational burnout, and elevated rates of burnout have been reported in nurses from around the world, including psychiatric nurses. As a workplace, a psychiatric hospital is one where particularly stressful factors accumulate, including those related to unpredictable patterns of behaviors revealed by patients with severe mental illness, and many psychiatric nurses are exposed to this long-term stress, thus increasing the risk of burnout. Workplace related burnout may in turn adversely affect other spheres of psychosocial functioning in nurses, including their own mental somatic health. The aim of the current study was to assess the incidence of burnout and symptoms of mental health among psychiatric nurses from six European countries and to analyze the possible contribution of burnout to the nurses’ mental health. The study was conducted between November 2019 and February 2020 and involved 327 nurses (87% women) working at psychiatric hospitals in six European countries: Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy and Hungary. Participants filled in the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) the General Health Questionnaire–28 (GHQ-28). The reported levels of occupational burnout differed significantly across the countries. The highest levels of burnout were found in psychiatric nurses from Germany and lowest in nurses form Slovakia. Men showed higher depersonalization than women, but women reported more problems anxiety and insomnia. Results also showed that depersonalization lowers with age and with work experience, while the sense of personal accomplishment increases with age. Emotional exhaustion was the only burnout factor that worsened with time. However, nearly all mental health symptoms worsened with age and work experience. Symptoms of burnout and mental health problems proved to be related. Emotional exhaustion was the strongest predictor of poor mental health. The degree of depersonalization and occupational burnout associated with a self-perceived sense of personal accomplishment among the nurses included in the study decreased with age, total work experience, and work experience with the same employer. Emotional exhaustion increased with age and total work experience. As burnout increased, mental health symptoms worsened. Nurses with secondary education (without university degrees) showed a significantly higher level of burnout caused by their low sense of personal accomplishment.

Keywords: occupational burnout, mental health, nursing, psychosomatic health, severe depression symptoms, social dysfunction, emotional exhaustion

Exploring Feasibility and Effectiveness of Occasional Whispering in Adults who Stutter: Subjective and Objective Evaluations

pp. 92-103
First published on 9 March 2023 | DOI:10.5709/acp-0381-x
Robert van de Vorst, Floris Tijmen van Vugt
Corresponding author:

Robert van de Vorst, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Email: robertvandevorst@gmail.com

APA
van de Vorst, R., & van Vugt, F. T. (2023). Exploring feasibility and effectiveness of occasional whispering in adults who stutter: Subjective and objective evaluations. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 92-103. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0381-x
Abstract

Stuttering is a challenging condition characterized by disfluencies which prior work has found to be momentarily improved during whispering. The present study explores the clinical potential of whispering by examining whether the benefits of whispering remain stable with short-term use, extend to conversation tasks, and are feasible in daily life. Sixteen adult persons who stutter completed tests assessing the amount of stuttering for normal voiced speech and whispering during both conversation and reading-aloud tasks. Participants then used whispered communication in their daily lives and reported their subjective experiences. After three weeks, effectiveness tests were repeated. Stuttering severity was significantly lower for whispered speech (vs. typical speech) during a conversation task (50% reduction), although this effect was smaller than for the reading-aloud task (85% reduction). This reduction remained present and comparable in magnitude after three weeks of approximately 5 to 10 minutes of daily whispering. Participants subjectively indicated positive experiences with respect to the effects of whispering on fluency and reported that whispering helped reduce stuttering-related anxiety. However, four participants (25%) reported negative voice side effects (e.g., hoarseness, vocal-fold strain), associated with regular whispering. Occasional use of whispering can effectively reduce stuttering and related behaviors during both reading-aloud and conversational speech. This result paves the way for future technological applications that convert whispered speech into natural sounding speech in real-time.

Keywords: stuttering, whispering, therapeutic benefits, short-term stability, subjective evaluation, feasibility

Tasks financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education on the basis of the contract no. 801/P-DUN/2018 out of the funds designed for activities promoting science: Preparation and editing of English versions of articles, Financing foreign Editors-in-Chief, Dissemination of publications and increasing their accessibility to a broad range of readers, Creation of the XML conversion platform to improve the access to the articles (2018-2019). Advances in Cognitive Psychology is co-financed by the Ministry of Education and Science (Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki) under the program "Rozwój czasopism naukowych," RCN/SN/0494/2021/1.

Zadania finansowane w ramach umowy 801/P-DUN/2018 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę: Finansowanie zagranicznych redaktorów naczelnych; Przygotowanie i edycja anglojęzycznych publikacji; Upowszechnianie publikacji i ułatwianie dostępu do nich szerokiemu gronu odbiorców; Utworzenie nowej platformy do udostępniania artykułów. Advances in Cognitive Psychology jest współfinansowane przez Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki w ramach programu "Rozwój czasopism naukowych," RCN/SN/0494/2021/1.